Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver condition that occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy liver cells, leading to ongoing inflammation and liver damage. If left untreated, this condition can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, or even liver failure. Early diagnosis and proper treatment can help control inflammation and prevent long-term liver injury.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of autoimmune hepatitis is not fully understood. It is believed to develop due to a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune-related factors.
Common risk factors include:
- Being female (AIH affects women more often than men)
- Having a family history of autoimmune diseases
- Existing autoimmune disorders, such as thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, or type 1 diabetes
- Certain viral infections or medications that may trigger the immune system
Types of Autoimmune Hepatitis
- Type 1 Autoimmune Hepatitis:
The most common form; can occur at any age and is often associated with other autoimmune conditions. - Type 2 Autoimmune Hepatitis:
Less common, usually affects children or young adults and may be more severe.
Symptoms
Autoimmune hepatitis can develop slowly, with few or no symptoms in the early stages. As inflammation increases, patients may experience:
- Fatigue or general weakness
- Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes)
- Abdominal pain or discomfort (especially in the upper right side)
- Loss of appetite and nausea
- Joint pain
- Itchy skin or rashes
- In advanced cases – swelling of the abdomen (ascites), confusion, or signs of liver failure
Diagnosis
Accurate diagnosis is essential to rule out other liver diseases.
Your doctor may recommend:
- Blood tests: to measure liver enzymes and detect autoantibodies such as ANA, SMA, or LKM-1
- Immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels: often elevated in autoimmune hepatitis
- Liver biopsy: to confirm inflammation and assess the extent of liver damage
Treatment
The main goal of treatment is to control immune system activity, reduce liver inflammation, and prevent further damage.
Common treatment options include:
- Corticosteroids (Prednisone): to quickly reduce inflammation.
- Immunosuppressive drugs (Azathioprine): used to maintain remission and minimize steroid side effects.
- Long-term monitoring: Regular liver function tests are essential to track progress and adjust medication.
In severe cases where liver damage is advanced, a liver transplant may be required.
Lifestyle and Management Tips
- Completely avoid alcohol and limit unnecessary medications.
- Maintain a balanced, nutritious diet rich in proteins, fruits, and vegetables.
- Keep up with regular check-ups and blood tests.
- Get vaccinated against Hepatitis A and B to prevent additional liver infections.
- Stay physically active and manage stress effectively.
Prognosis
With timely treatment and regular monitoring, most patients with autoimmune hepatitis can live a long and healthy life. Early intervention greatly reduces the risk of cirrhosis and liver failure.
When to See a Doctor
If you experience persistent fatigue, jaundice, abdominal pain, or abnormal liver tests, consult a Gastroenterologist or Hepatologist for evaluation. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to preventing complications.
